Kimbundu
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| Mbundu | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kimbundu | ||
| Spoken in |  Angola |
|
| Region | Malanje Province | |
| Total speakers | 3,000,000 (1999)[1] | |
| Language family | Niger-Congo | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | kmb | |
| ISO 639-3 | kmb | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
North Mbundu, or Kimbundu, one of two Bantu languages called Mbundu (see Umbundu) is one of the most widely spoken Bantu languages in Angola, concentrated in the north-west of the country, notably in the Malanje Province. It is spoken by the Mbundu people.
There are eleven dialects of Kimbundu: Ngola, Dembo, Jinga, Bondo, Bângala, Songo, Ibaco, Luanda, Quibala, Libolo, and Quissama.
During the Portuguese colonial period, a 1919 decree banned the use of local languages in schools and made Portuguese obligatory. This heavily reduced the use of Kimbundu amongst educated and urban populations in favour of Portuguese.
Since the 1960s, Ambundu populations which had emigrated from rural to urban areas in the west of Angola, notably Luanda and Malanje, have helped to produce a mix of Kimbundu and Portuguese that they call Ambaca. In order to distinguish themselves from the rural Mbundu populations, they also refer to themselves as camudongo Ambundu or Akwaluanda.
Script
The Kimbundu script was developed by Capuchin and Jesuit missionaries. While they produced many texts and grammars, most of them demonstrated a fundamental misunderstanding or oversimplification of the Kimbundu language. The unfortunate effects of this are still felt today, though since independence, great strides to elaborate and codify orthography and grammar of all Angolan national languages have been made.
Kimbundu uses the relatively shallow orthography standardized by the MPLA for use in all Angolan national languages. Important differences from the Portuguese-based orthography used by the colonizers include the omission of the consonant "r" (since there is no [r] in Kimbundu) and the rules governing vowel orthography (diphthongs are not allowed and vowels are thus changed to "w" or "y" depending on the environment). It has 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u), the u also having the function of a semi-vowel. Certain consonants are represented by two letters, such as mb in mbambi (gazelle), or nj in njila (bird).
Vocabulary
- muthu, "person",
- kima, "thing";
- kudya, "food";
- tubya, "fire";
- lumbu, "wall"
Some Kimbundu words were influential to Romance languages like Portuguese, with words like banjo (supposedly from mbanza), bwe, baza, kuatu, kamba, arimo, mleke, quilombo (from kilombo), Quimbanda, tanga, xinga, bunda, etc.
External links
- Emuseum article on Kimbundu
- Ethnologue report on Kimbundu
- PanAfrican L10n page on Kimbundu
- Kimbundu people
- People Profiles - North Mbundu of Angola
- Ethnic groups of Angola
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